Earlier this month considerable media attention was devoted to the 30^th anniversary of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, an event with lasting consequences for the Middle East and the world. Two years before that, however – virtually unnoticed at the time and barely remembered since - there took place a series of mass state-organized killings in Iran.

 July 1988 was in the middle of a long, hot summer both in Tehran and Baghdad. Ayatollah Khomeini had finally, albeit reluctantly, agreed to UN resolution 598, paving the way for a ceasefire with what he called “the infidel Baathist regime of Saddam Hussein” eight years after Iraq invaded Iran in the wake of its 1979 revolution. Iran had previously resisted all international efforts at mediation. Khomeini said he had drunk this “chalice of poison.”

 In his new book, “Voices of a Massacre”*, Paris-based historian Nasser Mohajer reconstructs the story of that fateful period. It is still an “open file,” he writes. “Thousands were taken blindfolded to the gallows and thousands flogged, day after day, to admit and succumb.” The crime was unprecedented in modern Iranian history.

 Six days after Khomeini accepted the ceasefire, 7,000 fighters of the Iraqi-backed opposition group, the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MeK), now called the National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA), under Iraqi air cover, crossed the Iranian border. It razed to the ground the town of Islamabad-e Gharb. Advancing further, Iraq ceased its air support and Iranian forces cut off NLA supply lines and counterattacked under cover of fighter planes and helicopter gunships. It was that assault that triggered the mass killings.

 Most of the prisoners were either members of the MeK or Marxist political groups who had already stood trial and were serving their sentences - including for non-violent offences such as distributing newspapers and leaflets, taking part in demonstrations or collecting funds for prisoners' families. They had often spent long periods in solitary confinement.

 Many were executed in Tehran’s two notorious prisons, Evin and Gohardasht on the orders of what became known as the “Death Commission.” Killings took place in other cities: Kermanshah, Shiraz and Isfahan. Precise numbers are still not available, but estimates, including by Amnesty International, have concluded that between four to five thousand men and women were killed that summer

 Many were buried hurriedly in mass graves in various parts of Iran, including in Khavaran cemetery in southeast Tehran, where Forough Lofti found the corpse of her son Anoush. Most families only found out about these graves years later, but the government still prevents them from mourning on the sites for their loved ones.

 This event is not well known, because Iran devoted considerable efforts to ensure a blackout, and also because there were many distractions regionally and globally: the Soviet Union began withdrawing from Afghanistan in May 1988 and a year later the Berlin Wall came down, signaling the end of the Cold War. And unlike the carnage of Srebrenica or the purges of General Pinochet's coup in Chile, there was little worldwide outrage, and no opportunity for justice and legal redress.

 Testimonies gathered for Mohajer’s remarkable book include those of prisoners who survived. Initially they knew little of what was going on but quickly sensed something was afoot: visits were stopped, they no longer received newspapers and televisions were removed. “We were completely severed from the outside world,” recalled Anahita Rahmani. She overheard a female guard – a pasdar Revolutionary Guard - crying over the sight of victims clasping hands on the gallows. Inmates communicated by Morse code.

 "Hanging" did not mean death by breaking the neck by dropping through a trap door, but stringing up the victim by the neck to suffocate. Some prisoners took 15 minutes to die.  Overworked executioners requested firing squads but these were rejected on the basis that Sharia law required hanging for enemies of Allah. The real reason was that hanging was quieter than  gunfire and would better preserve secrecy. Suicides proliferated.

 Executions in Gohardasht took place in a ditch behind a wall surrounding the prison. Blindfolded young men in uniform were repeatedly spotted in the vicinity and the prison director was seen with a wheelbarrow full of rope. “Clearly something terrible was taking place,” recalled Iraj Mesdaghi, a rare survivor who ended up in Sweden.

 Iranian officials rarely speak about the 1988 massacre but over the years occasional glimpses have been possible. One of the four clerics on the "Death Commission”, Mostafa Pourmohammadi, defended his role in an interview in 2018.  Another involved Ayatollah Montazeri, formerly Khomeini’s  designated successor. He published a memoir in 2001 which contains details of the massacre, including a copy of Khomeini's fatwa calling for the execution of Mojahedin as “fighters against God” and leftists as “apostates from Islam.”

 Overall the book’s testimonies form a universal tribute to the human capacity for resilience and forbearance –  as well as the ongoing search for justice. In the words of one critic: “Nasser Mohajer writes for the same reasons as George Orwell―’desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and to store them up for the use of posterity.’”

*https://www.amazon.co.uk/Voices-Massacre-Untold-Stories-Death/dp/1786077779

IAN BLACK